Shear, Consolidation Characteristics and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Clayey Soil Blended with Calcium Lignosulphonate and Granite Sand for Earthen Dam Application

Soil is a composite material of great interest to civil engineers. When the quality such soils poor, ground improvement techniques must be adopted withstand design load superstructure. Existing soil stabilizers include lime and cement; however, their environmental safety sustainable use during stabilization have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. This study investigated granite sand (GS) calcium lignosulphonate (CLS) as that could blended with clayey soils. The considered dosages GS were 30%, 40% 50%, those CLS 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% 1.5%. Direct shear consolidation tests performed on GS–CLS samples cured for 7 14 days. amended improved parameters characteristics at an optimum dosage 30% 0.5% CLS. Maximum improvements 84% 163% observed cohesion angles internal friction, respectively. A significant change was also characteristics, making them practically applicable. hydraulic conductivity reduced by 14%, coefficient increased 203% 05% Carbon footprint analyses composition would best-suited typical homogenous earthen dam section. results showed together carbon emissions 6.57 7.7 times, compared traditional stabilizers, cement lime.